PSG has now secured the prestigious trophy on fourteen different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The European champions appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the showdown featuring the French league winners and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net early on.
Yet, Marseille fired twice late to seize a surprise lead. Initially, the English forward converted from the spot-kick, before the defender unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of events, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a crucial equaliser in the dying seconds to send the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then stood as the key figure, saving decisive attempts from O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a 4-1 penalty win.
Now 14-time winners PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the last 13 seasons.